Analysis of Hamlet Essay - 8190 Words

The play does not open with the protagonist, nor with the direct disclosure of the problem. It points to unanswered questions and reveals anxiety and unrest. There is said to be a ghost, but the reason and purpose for the ghosts appearance are unknown. Basically, we can say that the first scene creates an atmosphere and the basis for the disclosure of the specific problem. The first point dramatically established is that there really is a ghost, although the questions raised by its appearance are unanswered. Horatio, the scholar and the skeptic, comes to test the report given by the simple soldiers. The empirical proof that Horatio seeks is there; the ghost appears and it is seen to have a specific identity, that of the deceased King†¦show more content†¦This account of the past, and the connection with present military preparations, seems to explain the appearance of the ghost. But Horatio sees it as a more disturbing omen, going further back to ancient history, to the deat h of Julius Caesar, and he refers to visitations from beyond the grave as preceding some momentous destructive event in the world. But Horatio cannot answer his own questions and gets no answers from the ghost; he doesnt know whether its connected to upheaval in the state, personal guilt, recent events or whether its part of some general pattern. Altogether, the effect of the opening scene is that questions are asked, anxieties are expressed, but there are no certain answers. One of the soldiers says hes sick at heart, Horatio is troubled, and another soldier discusses spirits being abroad as something negative, contrasted to Christmastime. What we have here is something similar to a musical overture, where thematic interests are given concerning the topics to be developed in the play: groping in the dark, revenge, questions, suspected connections to evil, etc. We also get tension in preparation for the disclosure that will come from the ghost in later acts. What the scene does not do is itself significant, and the fact that there is no disclosure of information here is doubly important. One aspect of the importance is that the disclosure will be given only to Hamlet, as Horatio guesses, and that will be the basis for the taskShow MoreRelatedHamlet Analysis : Hamlet 1149 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish December 7, 2015 Hamlet Analysis Prince Hamlet is a man who enjoys contemplating difficult philosophical questions. When his father the king of Denmark, was killed by his uncle. when Hamlet returns he sees his ghost after he returns home to find evidence of his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius his uncle was the one who killed his father with poison of the ear. Throughout the rest of the story with him, Hamlet seeks to prove his uncle ClaudiusRead MoreHamlet Analysis Essay On Hamlet954 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares play, Hamlet, is an intriguing and intricate drama about an individual who wants to avenge the death of his father. Prince Hamlet’s father, King Hamlet, was once king and the throne was inherited by his evil brother, King Claudius. In addition to inheriting the throne, Claudius has married Prince Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, which is perceived as weird and unlawful. Interestingly, Prince Hamlet has cohesive evidence that King Claudiu s is responsible for the death of his father. As aRead MoreAnalysis of Shakespeares Hamlet720 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter analysis of Hamlet, Ghost, Horatio: Act 1, Scenes 1-5 The story of Hamlet is so famous, it is easy to forget that at the beginning of the play, Hamlet is unaware of the fact that his father was murdered by his uncle. Hamlet begins the play a depressed, angry young man who is barely able to conceal the fact that he despises his new stepfather for marrying his mother so soon after his beloved fathers demise. However, he has no proof that his uncle did anything wrong at first. In fact, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlet s Hamlet 1265 Words   |  6 PagesHow far would a man, who is a still a child at heart, go to avenge the death of his father? Hamlet, who is the son of the recently deceased King, engages in a quest to avenge his father, who was murder by the man who is now in his place, and married to the queen. Hamlet tries to develop a plan to kill King Claudius, but only time is stopping him. Time inevitably leads toward expiration of a human life. Hamlet shows a great concern for time and its effects, which was brought upon a death that contributedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hamlet 1366 Words   |  6 PagesDeven Sect. 4 Professor Roberts April 21, 2015 Literary Analysis Psychological State of the Characters in Hamlet The English Play writer, William Shakespeare had written many well-known pieces of work including Hamlet. Hamlet is known to be one of his most popular works. Hamlet was written in the late 16th Century about the Prince of Denmark. The original title of the work was The Tragedy of Hamlet, now it is referred to as just Hamlet. In Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses the mental state of his charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Structure Hamlet 1233 Words   |  5 PagesStability, Sanity, and Structure (Analysis of the structure in Shakespeare’s Hamlet) Structure is in our lives all around us; we see it in work lives, our home lives, in our owe bodies, and even more so in the curriculum that kids are learning at school. Structure, in all aspects, is constructed according to a plan. It gives a sense of assembly and backbone to whatever we are looking at. We see structure is in the information students are attaining at school, especially in the literary sense. ManyRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Hamlet In Hamlet730 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet is a character of melancholy because he is a very sad individual finding out that his very own uncle has killed his father. He is wanting to commit suicide but he’s contemplating it because it is a sin. He is not to fond of Claudius considering he was the one that had killed his father in the first place. â€Å"O most wicked speed, to post/ With such dexterity to incestuous sheets!/ It is not nor it cannot come to good/ But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue† This quote is s howing how heRead MoreHamlet Critical Analysis Of Hamlet1191 Words   |  5 Pagesplay, Hamlet, has been interpreted and converted into a film numerous times by different directors, Kenneth Branagh’s adaptation particularly captured the essence of Hamlet and helped the audience truly understand the events that transpired in Act Three Scene Two of Hamlet. It is in this act, Hamlet plan to reveal King Claudius’ treachery is played out. Hamlet exposes the king through adding an extra sixteen lines to the play which depicts him killing Hamlet’s father. With the directions Hamlet gaveRead MoreHamlet Character Analysis961 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one reads William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it is easy to overlook the female characters as powerless and subservient. However, things are not always what they seem at first glance, as a further analysis of Gertrude and Ophelia suggests. Although the plot centers around Hamlet’s quest for revenge, these two femal e characters have a profound influence on what transpires. These women certainly play more significant roles than they seem at first. In Act I, Gertrude appears to be an unfaithful wifeRead MoreHamlet Soliloquies and Their Analysis1527 Words   |  7 PagesHAMLET’S SOLILOQUIES THEIR ANALYSIS In the course of the play, Hamlet has seven long soliloquies. The first of these occurs before he has seen the Ghost. In this soliloquy, Hamlet reveals the grief that has been gnawing at his mind. He wishes that religion did not forbid suicide so that he could kill himself and be rid of this grief. He feels disillusioned with the world. â€Å"How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world†. He deplores (condemns) the

Role in Inducing and Maintaining the Pluripotency of Mice...

Several members of the zinc finger family of proteins are key components in the transcriptional network maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. The mouse zinc finger protein 322a (Zfp322a) is expressed in embryonic stem cells and the ICM. Thus Ma et al. 2014 hypothesized that Zfp322a functions as a transcription factor in mice. Ma et al. (2014) discovered that Zfp322a is an irreplaceable transcription factor which enhances the reprogramming ability of OKSM (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc) and can replace Sox2 in OKSM in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). First, in order to determine whether or not Zfp322a is a transcription factor in mice, the authors analyzed its expression in mouse embryonic stem (mES)†¦show more content†¦A gene ontology search revealed that Zfp322a is involved in diverse cellular processes. A microarray approach determined that Zfp322a is able to directly repress and activate a number of the genes it binds. Importantly, this microarray approach confirmed the author’s previous observation that Zfp322a represses the MAPK cascade. Previously, two nodes in the transcriptional network maintaining pluripotency were identified by Chen et al. 2008. Interestingly however, Zfp322a did not preferentially interact with either the c-Myc or Sox2/Oct4 transcription factor clusters. Zfp322a’s 10 C2H2 zinc finger domains bind the major groove of DNA (Lodish et al. 2013), and may give Zpf322a the ability to bind a diverse array of DNA sequences. In support of this hypothesis, no DNA consensus sequence for Zfp322a binding was identified. Zfp322a co-localized equally with all 12 of the transcription factors tested. Coupled with Zfp322a’s dynamic ability to concomitantly repress differentiation, these observations suggest a more profound role for Zpf322a. From the genome-wide analysis of Zfp322a regulation the authors concluded that Zfp322a is an integral component in the pluripotency regulatory network. Zfp322a may contribute to chromatin remodeling associated with maintenance of mES chromatin. Ma et al. 2014 identified a large number of genes enriched with Zfp322a that were involved in chromatin modification,Show MoreRelatedPluripotent Stem Cell Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors†  ¬Stem cells are yet undifferentiated cells, with the potential capability to further divide indefinitely, and the ability to give rise to more specialized cell types. Embryonic stem(ES) cells are of especially great importance due to their pluripotency and hence ability to differentiate to cells of all three germ layers. Due to the great replicative powers of these cells, they may be used to treatRead MoreA Research Study On Regenerative Medicine And Transplantation2123 Words   |  9 Pagesmedical research embarking on the evolvement of embryonic stem cells(ESCs)and reprogrammed human somatic cells called induced pleuri potent stem cells(iPSCs) .Human embryonic stem cells were first derived in 1998 by Thomson et al. and induced pleuri potent stem cells(iPSCs) in 2007(Thai Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologyApril 2013) The innate proficiency of the human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into multiple cell lineages i.e pluripotency and worthy of self renewal score them as invaluable

Marketing and Entrepreneurship for Funding - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMarketing and Entrepreneurship for Funding and Ethics. Answer: A non-profit organization that implements the marketing concept. Nonprofit organizations are slowly adopting business-like techniques in their operations, and are becoming involved and more confronted with market pressures which are only typical to the profit-making entities. These include elements such as competition, funding, and ethics in marketing, as well as the need to earn money to fulfill their missions. The Red Cross organization is a globally known nonprofit organization (Bell et al. 2015). This organization deal in ensuring that the lives of individuals remain one particular concept utilized by most nonprofit entities is the need to understand the consumer. There is still a lot of orientation needed for the nonprofit sector. What is the exchange taking place? What is the profit they seek? Over the past decade, most nonprofits have been introducing marketing concepts into their activities. The Red Cross to be precise has realized that adequate marketing could help them achieve their mission and are, therefore, challenged be more complicated decisions. Marketing in this organization begins and ends with the consumer. The consumer satisfaction is the priority of the organization, where all policies are formulated to favor service delivery and its quality to the consumers. The form of profit this organization seeks has a lot to do with consumer satisfaction, personnel satisfaction and increased funding, which has been achieved over the decade (Hill et al. 2015). Do they apply the marketing concept? How can you tell? Instead of embracing marketing concepts which are relevant to the profit entities, and beginning the marketing process with the consumer, followed by the investigation of what the market needs, nonprofit organizations have embraced organization centered marketing. This mindset makes most entities to believe that their services are needed by the markets falsely. Red Cross completely applies the marketing concept, through service branding and the provision of quality, which has everything to do with the satisfaction of the consumer. Prioritizing the consumer is the ultimate goal and path to profitability. The Billabong website Target customers need to be constantly informed and reminded about the organization, its products, and benefits of being associated with the entity (Cohen Winn, 2017). There is a need to ensure that despite the physical distance between the organization stakeholders and consumers, websites which have been created, need to be at the forefront of trying to help in establishing a relationship between the two. In the case of Billabong, a lot of information has been provided in the Billabong site on the surfing, skiing and skating industry. It is very important for organizations to find a way to communicate to consumers about their commodities, despite the fact that this is to happen on virtual sites. Therefore, this information does not ultimately help Billabong as an organization, to build a relationship with the target consumers. Most consumers are bound to be left asking questions regarding the specifics of the products which are offered by Billabong. While most are aware that it belongs to a particular industry, the specific commodities will not have been marketed most effectively. Consumers, therefore, need to be given detailed information regarding specific products to fill the numerous communication gaps. Consumer doubts should be eliminated for billabong organization to remain competitive in the industry (Miles Coven, 2016). The ultimate aim, which is profit-making, should be realized in the most efficient manner, which is through professional marketing and product advertising. Communication in marketing is the most important to enhance overall organization success and overall growth. How worldwide demographic trends are affecting opportunities for international marketing and which industries are set to benefit from the aging baby boomers In marketing, demographics have proven to be of influence to the marketing industry. The demographics of the world can either have positive or negative effects on marketing (Morris et al. 2012). There is a need to identify the worldwide demographic trends for one to have a better understanding about the effects of the demographics on the global marketing sector. In the modern world, there are five major trends and each of them has an impact on the marketing sector. The first trend is the ration of children to older persons. Currently, the ratio of children to older persons stands at 3:1. However, it is expected to decline and in 2015, the older persons in the society are expected to be more than the young persons. Therefore, marketing is faced with a challenge of changing the marketing strategies as well as products. The reason behind it is because older people have different tastes and preferences compared to young people. The second trend is the emergence of illnesses which have not been there before. The world health organization states that invisible non-communicable diseases kill more than 60% of the population (Zimmerer et al. 2015). When there is prevalence of such diseases, marketing is affected in different ways. First, the marketing of health products is affected in a positive way because the health products meet the needs of the consumers. Second, more customers become more cautious about the products they buy. Therefore, the marketing teams are forced to ensure that the right strategies are implemented to win the hearts of the consumers. At the same time, the number of potential customers is affected negatively thus leaving a small number of the customers for the marketers to meet their needs. The third trend is the speed of aging. The population is aging at a higher rate. Therefore, the young market is affected and that in turn also affects the marketers because they are forced to go back to the drawing board to know the best way to market to the aging population. The fourth trend is dependency of the old age. Most of the old persons depend on others and that means that they do not have enough monetary power (Morris Paul, 2017). Therefore, marketing to them is of no significance. The last trend is reduced child dependency and increased working age. In the modern day, young people are starting to work at a very small age and that means that child dependency is decreasing. Therefore, the marketers are left with a challenge of knowing the specific demographics to target. The industries which are likely to benefit from baby boomers are the insurance industry and the healthcare industry. Most of the old persons are insured for retirement benefits and also healthcare (Knight, 2010). Therefore, the insurance companies are making profits through them. Older age comes with medical challenges. Therefore, the baby boomers must seek the attention of healthcare practitioners time after time. As a result, the healthcare industry stands to gain and earn more from the baby boomers. Bibliography Bhuian, S. N., Menguc, B., Bell, S. J. (2015). ust entrepreneurial enough: the moderating effect of entrepreneurship on the relationship between market orientation and performance. Journal of business research, 9-17. Carson, D., Cromie, S., McGowan, P., Hill, J. (2015). Marketing and entrepreneurship in SMEs: an innovative approach. Hemel Hempstead. Cohen, B., Winn, M. I. (2017). Market imperfections, opportunity, and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 29-49. Covin, J. G., Miles, M. P. (2016). Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship: Theory and practice, 23(3), 47-47. Knight, G. (2010). Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of international marketing, 8(2), 12-32. Morris, M. H., Schindehutte, M., LaForge, R. W. (2012). Entrepreneurial marketing: a construct for integrating emerging entrepreneurship and marketing perspectives. Journal of marketing theory and practice, 10(4), 1-19. Morris, M. H., Paul, G. W. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 247-259. Zimmerer, T. W., Scarborough, N. M., Wilson, D. (2015). Essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management. Pearson/Prentice Hall.

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9-11 could have been avoided if the Secret Service Essay s would have done their WorkPreceding the terrible events on September 11th, 2001, the American Secret Services have made many mistakes in regard to the possibility of preventing 9-11. The Secret Services, mainly the CIA and the FBI, have made a great lot of mistakes. After an initial meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where eight terrorists met, the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) let go of them after their meeting, assuming it was unimportant . After the attack on the USS Cole in 2000 they changed their minds, now coming to the conclusion that major agreements regarding the Cole as well as regarding the WTC (World Trade Center) were made in Malaysia. However, it was too late. As the year 2001 approached and warnings accumulated, they still did not react. The September 11th-attacks could have been avoided if the Secret Services would not have been hindered in their work by higher authorities and if they would have cooperated/shared their findings. Mistakes long before 9-11After the 1996 crash of TWA flight 800, 31 urgent proposals by a White House commission were proposed. The Los Angeles Times:The White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security, created in 1996 after TWA Flight 800 crashed off Long Island, N.Y., recommended 31 steps that it said were urgently needed to provide a multilayered security system at the nations airports The Federal Aviation Administration expressed support for the proposals, which ranged from security inspections at airports to tighter screening of mail parcels, and the Clinton administration vowed to rigorously monitor the changes. But by Sept. 11, most of the proposals had been watered down by industry lobbying or were bogged down in bureaucracy, a Times review found. This was not at all done; according to Larry Klayman, CEO of Judicial Watch (a Washington-based legal organization aimed at fighting the corruption in state and Government):During the last eight years of scandal during the Cl inton administration, and the first eight months of the Bush Administration, reports this morning confirm that little to nothing was done to secure our nations airports and transportation systems as a wholedespite warnings. Instead, cosmetic reform of education, social security, taxes, and other less important issues were given precedence. In addition, the American people were led to believe that appropriate anti-terrorist counter measures were being taken. Instead of telling the truth so the problems could be addressed, politicians painted a rosy picture in order to be elected and re-elected. After this missal of an urgent proposal, there are also some other interesting facts about the secret services, especially the CIA. At first, they did not even take UBL (Osama bin Laden, utilizing the FBI-spelling and -abbreviation) serious, although he wrote a 20-page Fatwa and clearly said: I predict a bad day for America in near future (Mai 28th 1998)So they knew from early on that UBL was planning an attack on the US. In fact, he planned that from even earlier than early, as he was only brought into connection with serious terrorism after the 1993 WTC-bombing. For example, in 1993 material found on a hard drive taken from a computer of one of the imprisoned in connection with the WTC bombing included a letter saying: This time our calculations were too rough. We promise you, next time we will be very precise. The WTC will continue being on our list of targets. The agents also had to realize that future attacks could as well be suicide missions: For your information: Our army has more than one hundred and fifty suicide soldiers at disposal. from then on the CIA knew that there would be a sure second time. From the moment of the September 11th attacks, high-ranking federal officials insisted that the terrorists method of operation surprised them. Many stick to that story. Actually, elements of the hijacking plan were known to the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) a s early as 1995 and, if coupled with current information, might have uncovered the plot (Chicago Sun Times)They the CIA found details of the plan in a computer seized in an apartment used by three men who were part of Bin Ladens al Qaeda network. It provided for 11 planes to be exploded simultaneously by bombs with time fuses placed on board, but also in an alternative form for several planes flying to the United States to be hijacked and flown into civilian targets. Among targets mentioned was the World Trade Center in New York, which was destroyed in the September 11 terror attacks in the United States that killed thousands. (Die Welt) This plan was called Project Bojinka Bojinka means big bang in Serbo-Croatian. In further detail, Yousef had developed mini-bombs which can easily be passed through airport security checks. Several people were to plant the mini-bombs on two to three planes after each other. The terrorists wanted to leave the plane on the stopover and board another p lane and again plant the bomb under their seat. This plot emerged once again in the 1997 trial against Ramzi Yousef, the person who had come up with the plan described above, and Abdul Murad, both al-Qaeda members, and the latter the organizing terrorist of the 1993 WTC bombing. The FBI and CIA knew of the plan at the latest from this point. With no connection to the trial Yousef boasted about his plans on the flight from Pakistan to the US in February 1995 to Secret agent Brian Parr and CIA-agent Charles Stern. They confirmed this in court later on: The plans not only targeted the CIA but also other government buildings in Washington, including the Pentagon. The Insight Magazine managed to get copies of Murads interrogation by the Philippine police, codenamed Blue Marlin. Murad said that he planned to board the plane as a normal passenger. He then would take control of the cockpit and (flying himself) ram the plane into the Pentagon. He would neither use a bomb or explosives. He just needed to get a pistol onboard the aircraft. T his Blue Marlin paper seemed like a blueprint of what happened seven years later. The report indicating that UBL was continuing Bojinka was that young and convinced al-Qaeda members were taking flight training in the US. This should have resulted in an intensive watch over the flight schools in which they were trained however nothing happened.. Zacarias Moussaoui, another al-Qaeda terrorist, was taken notice of after his flight trainer told the FBI he wanted to learn how to fly a 747, but did want to learn takeoffs or landings. Zacarias Moussaoui (Zac) traveled with a French passport. On request the French authorities answered that Zac probably was a terrorist connected to UBL. Reuters reported the following about Zac: The FBI arrested an Islamic militant in Boston last month and received French intelligence reports linking him to Saudi-born dissident Osama bin Laden but apparently did not act on them Furthermore the French authorities informed the Americans that Zac was most likely trained in Afghanistan but the American did nothing. French Secret Services, accor ding to Jean-Charles Brisard, informed their American colleagues that Zac, the so-called 20th hijacker, has connections to the al-Qaeda and the Americans, once again, did not react to this information. This flight trainer training Zac called the FBI several times trying to find an agent willing to react to his information: He suspected Zac having connections to al-Qaeda which was later proved and told the FBI of the apparent possibility of using a 747 with full tanks as a bomb. He told them: Do you realize a 747 loaded with fuel can be used as a bomb? Foregoing these calls Zac attracted lots of attention in the flying school. He said he came from France, but when the instructor tried to speak French to Zac, he became very evasive of his background. There was discussion about how much fuel was on board a 747-400 and how much damage that could cause if it hit anything. Despite of the urges in the flight school, a FBI-agent from Minnesota and from the French authorities, the FBI-HQ ref used further investigations until 9-11 This FBI-agent in Minnesota, Dave Rapp, was visited by a Mr. Atlas shortly before. He drove Zac from Oklahoma to the school in Minneapolis. He said that Zac thinks it is allowed to kill civilians who hurt Muslims and that he approves it if Muslims die in such attacks as Martyrs. However, the US Government actively prevented further investigations. The FBI-agents in Minneapolis regarded Zac as a dangerous terrorist and applied for a specific search warrant for counter-espionage in order to evaluate Zacs computer. This was denied because high-rank FBI-agents did not see enough evidence for a link between al-Qaeda. Even after the French secret service showed the broad connection between al-Qaeda and Zac to the FBI, they still blocked further investigations. The final decision (until 9-11) remained No. The official reasoning for this was, according to ABC News, the lack of evidence of a connection between Zac and a known terrorist organization. Now, after 9-11, Zac handed in requests to be heard by the US Congress as well as by a Grand Jury in regard to 9-11 He claims he has information which proves that the US government wanted the attacks to happen. His applications were repeatedly rejected. Furthermore, in August 1998 the CIA received a report saying that an Arabian group is planning to fly a plane packed with explosives into the World Trade Center, however they did not react. They passed this report onto the FBI, where nothing happened either, however CIA-experts did not regard it as necessary to indicate the FBI that future plane hijackers could as well be suicide missions. The FBI as well as the FAA declined this plan immediately and said this was undoable. So the FBI advised the FAA (Federal Aviation Association) not to pass this memo onto the airlines in order to avoid panic. However, the fact that the FAA was not informed about this change in strategy of the terrorists was to prove as a big mistake. It resulted in the airlines still advising the crew to meet the demands of the hijackers to avoid escalation. Due to these accumulating warnings DCI (Director of Central Intelligence; Director of CIA) George Tenet wrote a burning memorandum on Dec. 4th 1998: We are in a war. I will not spare staff nor any other resources in this war, not in the CIA nor in the other American secret services. With his burning memorandum to his executives and heads of departments he tried to secure himself to all sides in retrospect. He dexterously covered up the mistakes of his authority by causing the impression that such a brutal and never-done-before terrorist attacks (on the two US-embassies in East Africa) could not have been fought by the CIA with their means at disposal. Tenet did not have any actions follow his plan. The relations between FBI and CIA were rather cold and competitive, after the FBI uncovered a mole within the CIA, This was not cooperation anymore; they saw each other as competitors, one wins, the other one looses. The CIA thought that the FBI should rather care about car theft and leave their fingers off espionage defense or even terrorism. Due to this competitive thinking information was kept from each other, like the case of al-Mihdhar: The inland authorities were not informed that a dangerous terrorist (al-Mihdhar) ran around with a valid US-Visa the CIA kept this information for themselves. Totally independent from the above, a young Arab rushed into the FBI-agency in Newark, NJ, in April 2000. He told the puzzled agent that he just came from a al-Qaeda training camp in Pakistan, where he was not only taught how to handle firearms but also how to hijack planes. Now he was expected to meet with five or six people in the US to together carry such an operation through. One of the hijackers would be a trained pilot, he said, who would fly the plane to Afghanistan. If that wouldnt be possible they should blow the plane up. The FBI-agent thought the man would be lying and did a Polygraph-test. The detector showed the man was not lying. Nonetheless, the agent simply wrote a protocol and left the case. Mohammed Atta, Ziad Jarrah and Marwan al-Shehhi all had their US-Visa by May 2000 to train at flight schools, while at least al-Shehhi was watched by the CIA over over a year now. In July 2000 al-Hazmis Visa is about to expire. He, who has been in the states for a while now, applied at the INS to extend it on July 7th, 2000. Although he was long saved in the NSA-computer as a member of the al-Qaeda and although the CIA knew of his stay in the US he did not need to fear anything. The intelligence services still had not put him out for search. Neither the FBI, the INS nor the State Department knew that a dangerous terrorist was in the States since seven months. And as al-Hazmis name was neither listed in NAILS (National Automated Immigration Lookout System) of the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) nor in TIPOFF of the State department, the INS-official in charge did not see a reason to decline an extension of the visa, let alone alarm the FBI. Al-Hazmi received a new visa, v alid until January 2001. The Meeting in Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaKhalid al-Mihdhar, Yazid Sufaat, Nawaf al-Hazmi (whose name was not fully known back then), Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM), Hambali (full name unknown) and Ramzi Binalshibh met in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in January 2000. KSM was one of the highest people in the al-Qaeda. These six and two other young Arabs met in an apartment, under intense surveillance by the CIA and the Malaysian secret service. At that time, the names of two of the attendees were unknown to the CIA However, the CIA does not even inform the NSA (National Security Agency) about the surveillance operation in Malaysia. This would have helped the CIA tremendously, as two of the people the CIA did not know about were already in the huge NSA-computers. When the meeting was over, the CIA decided to see the matter as done., assuming the meeting was unimportant. Their Malaysian colleagues seemed to foresee that this was the biggest mistake in the CIA-history. US officials have stated that t hey only realized the meeting was important in the summer of 2001, but the presence of Mohammed should have proved the meetings importance. Unemployment EssayIn the middle of march 2001 al-Hazmis brother, Salim, traveled into the US. Although he, as well as his brother Nawaf, was saved in the NSA database, he entered the US without any difficulties. Their data was still not in the police computers: Nawaf al-Hazmi, as said before long saved at the NSA, was caught in a speed trap on April 1st 2001 on Interstate 40. He was stopped and had to show ID, license and registration. Over his radio the officer asked if there is anything against the driver. Al-Hazmis name was entered in the computer. Nevertheless nothing against him could be found, as the CIA still did not inform local police authorities that he is a dangerous, searched-for terrorist. So al-Hazmi simply got a ticket for speeding and can drive off. At the same time these computer errors occur, an ally of the Western powers pleads for help: Ahmed Massoud is in the European parliament in Strasbourg, France, on April 4th 2001. He asks the world powers to help him fight the Taliban. He also clearly states that al-Qaedas plans are not restricted to Afghanistan: If president Bush does not help us, he says in Strasbourg in front of an armada of reporters, these terrorists will cause great harm in the USA and Europe. Al-Mihdhar was meanwhile very well known to the CIA. They had a copy of his passport since 1 years. The fact that the young Saudi had a valid visa for the US and traveled into the latter didnt really seem to bother the CIA-agents. At least they did not regard it as necessary to pass this information onto the FBI or other inland authorities. In Jeddah in Saudi-Arabia, al-Mihdhar applied for an extension of his visa. As his name is neither listed in the TIPOFF- nor in the CLASS-database (Consular Lookout and Support System), he got a new visa valid until October 3rd 2001. When news that KSM has traveled into and out of the US like a normal tourist reaches the CIA-HQ in Langley, they could not really believe this. On the other hand the report was so detailed and concerning that they decided to at least verify it. After all KSM was meant to have brought trained al-Qaeda-members into the US, where they immediately contacted fighters already there and preparing an attack, according to the report. KSM himself is said to have boasted that he, a searched-for terrorist, has entered and left the US several times without any problems. CIA-note: If that really is KSM, we have, one, a serious threat, and, two, a good chance of getting him. The report is passed onto the FBI, were it is unnoticed. Tenet, at the end of June, sent out an express inquiry to the twenty partner-intelligence services with a list of known al-Qaeda terrorists and asked them to, if possible, arrest them. A similar list with, among others, the names of al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi, was not made for the police authorities in the USA. Apparently the CIA did not want to open the possibility for outsiders to realize the momentous errors made in the CIA. Tenet also frequently calls Tom Pickard, the new boss of the FBI after Freeh retired in June, and asked him if he has anything on the more than frequent warnings of al-Qaeda attacks. Pickard can only answer no; although there were papers in his authority which are going to shock the whole country and which will bring discredit upon the FBI for its ignorance. Pickard, too, realized the immediate threat by terrorism and asked for more money for the CTC (Counterterrorism Center) at the start of August. Ashcroft thought this whole terrorism-thing was simple panic-mon gering and did not answer the memo until September 10th with a simple No. The FBI-agents in Minneapolis, having arrested Zac for a simple Visa-violation, agree to hold him for 7 days instead of the usual 24 hours because of an expired visa. Agent Rapp already took into account to simply deport him to France, as he was traveling with a French passport. However, they first wanted to try to use FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) for special cases. Of 12,000 applications only one was declined. However, for the next three days nothing happened. Rapp, in the meantime, questioned himself with some obvious questions: Why should plane hijackers learn to fly planes themselves? And why did the other terrorist write his testament? The only possible answers werent very pleasant. Rapp found it absurd that he cannot take a closer look at Zacs computer and notebook although the apparent and urgent threat. In Washington everyone played safe now in regard to the case from far Minneapolis they contacted several FBI-lawyers who all say there is not enough of a conne ction between Zac and the al-Qaeda. The problem for the FBI-lawyers is that the new boss, Pickard, just came from the Ministry of Justice and was known for his lawfulness: The law cannot be bent for any reason. Under Freeh the law was not taken that seriously and such a search warrant was granted quickly. For Rapp this was against common sense: There is a man who apparently plans to hijack a plane and Rapp is not allowed to take a look at his computer and notebook. Regarding the many warnings without any concrete details, Tenet advised the whole CIA to look through their documents and look for all open questions on August 21st, 2001. Through this the information about the meeting in Kuala Lumpur was brought up again. This job coincidentally was given to a FBI-agent working in the CTC. After reading the information he connected two important pieces of information: the fact that al-Mihdhar had a visa even at the time of the meeting in Malaysia, and that with Nawaf al-Hazmi another terrorist who attended the meeting had a valid US-visa. With the help of a INS-official also working for the CTC, they found out that both of them have entered the US several times since, and both were in the US at that time. They were stunned that this information has been known to the CIA since eighteen months. Finally the CTC decided to do what they should have done months earlier: Notify the FBI, the INS and customs that both of these terrorists needed to be put on the wanted lists. The CIA sent out a CIR (Central Intelligence Report) out to all other intelligence services and authorities on August 23rd, 2001. This asked to put al-Mihdhar, al-Hazmi and two other attendees of the Malaysia-meeting on wanted lists. The CIA recommended rejecting them from entering the States. They didnt mention that the two mentioned above were long in the States already. The CIA still tried to cover its momentous mistakes up. Special Agent Rapp was meanwhile fed up with the endless waiting. He called a colleague in the RFU (Radical Fundamentalism Unit) in Washington and asked him about the state of things. The answer was only that Rapp only made everyone crazy with his Moussaoui. Rapp replies: Im making every crazy in the HQ because I want to prevent that Moussaoui gets control over a plane and flies into the World Trade Center with it!In the FBI-agency in New York the agents wanted to try everything possible to track down al-Mihdhar, now that they know of his danger. They asked for reinforcements. These were declined with a ridiculous reason: The search for al-Mihdhar was started due to intelligence (CIA) information. That was not allowed, according to the NSLU (National Security Law Unit). The law states a clear border between police and intelligence findings. These borders had to be strictly honored. The New Yorker-FBI-agent was totally startled. It is bad enough that the CIA only informed the other au thorities about the entry of dangerous terrorist months late. Now the FBI was not allowed to search for a wanted terrorist who had his fingers in the attack on the Cole, who could walk around freely in the United States and is probably planning another attack. He wrote an email to his superiors in Washington: Some day someone will die never mind law-borders -, and the public will not understand why we were not more effective and used all our resources to find solutions to certain problems. Lets hope, that the NSLU will back their decisions then too, especially because our biggest threat, UBL, gains the most protection out of this!In the morning of September 11th, the terrorists checked in at Portland Airport, Maine. For twenty days, the whole country was searched for al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar. Nonetheless, their tickets and passports were issued with their real names. They passed security etc. without any problems. On the morning of the eleventh of September, 2001, two planes hit the World Trade Center in New York City, which, when collapsing, killed more than 2,750 people. One plane hit the Pentagon, killing 186 people. Another plane crashed in Pennsylvania after a passenger revolt against the hijackers, killing 44 people. Shortly after the attack Rapp got the permission to search Zacs belongings. After his computer and notebook were evaluated they could proceed fast. Although they were under high pressure, they could not resist and attached a warning sent out before the attacks to every email they send to the HQ, because more and more their anger and certainty was growing, that they could maybe have prevented the attack here in Minneapolis. Aboard Air Force One, Ari Fleischer gave a first briefing of the press. Replying to the question Were there any warnings known to the president?, he falsely answered No. In a conference of the NSC (National Security Council), to which Tenet is connected through phone, he had strong evidence for once. On the passenger list of AA 77 which flew into the Pentagon he could identify three people long known the CIA: Nawaf and Salim al-Hazmi as well as Khalid al-Mihdhar. Tenet didnt mention since when the CIA knew of the trio, neither did he talk about the CIAs knowledge that at least two of the three entered the US twenty months ago. Without knowing anything on the background or details, the members of the NSC knew that someone badly messed something up. FBI-director Robert Mueller, only in place since one week, didnt even try to make the impression the FBI knew something: The FBI does not have a clue how the hijackers could get control over the planes. We did not receive any according info rmation from the CIA. However, I cannot surely say that there were no possibilities to investigate indications which would maybe have lead to the hijackers early on. Tenet mentions to Bush that the al-Qaeda did have its headquarters in Afghanistan, but was active worldwide, on all continents. We have a 60-country-problem, he told Bush, to show the dimensions of the operation of extinguishing the al-Qaeda. Bush, who rarely traveled outside of his country before his presidency, is not impressed and replied: Lets shoot them off one after theother. There is an evident pattern visible here: The al-Qaeda-suspected were under extensive surveillance, they actively prepared a terrorist attack and yet they could enter, leave and travel within the United States without any restrictions even though watchlists with their names existed. Nobody stopped them, never mind the fact that they were traveling with passports and tickets with their real names. That should have alerted lots of computers at the passport controls and at the check-in counters, when ones passports magnetic strip is scanned. In conclusion, one can definitely say that the September 11th-attacks could have been avoided if the Secret Services would not have been hindered in their work by higher authorities in their agencies and if they would have cooperated / shared their findings. Many inexplicable events have taken place, clearly showing that the intelligence services made many mistakes of which many are so easy to avoid. The fact that the CIA and FBI see each other as competitors instead of partners is purely shocking and unacceptable. Additionally, some of the terrorists were on several wanted- and watchlists. This should have caused lots of trouble for them traveling under their real name. In spite of this it did not. Why? Why? That is the big question. Why? And How? These are the most important questions, still be unanswered, and will probably stay like that for a long time. The final bitter realization is: The deaths of 2,752 people could have been prevented. In American Cold War movies, the KGB (the USSR-intelligence) is bad, a dark mesh of something, while the US-intelligence is the good side, the light and transparent secret service on your side. Maybe it isnt

Mr. Posgais Biology Ii Class Lab Essays - Web Colors,

Mr. Posgai's Biology Ii Class Lab Abstract Mr. Posgai's Biology II class often pondered the thought of insects' attraction to certain colors on flowers. Well, on September 14, 1999, we decided to experiment and figure out which colors on flowers were more dominant over others. Our Biology class divided up into groups of two and three people. Each group took a different colored piece of poster board. One person in each group applied Tangle Trap to the twelve by nine inch area and stapled each board to a piece of lattice. We then took the lattice outside, about fifty feet from the school building and left it outdoors for about forty-eight hours. When we retrieved our lattice, we counted the number of insects on each board and proved our hypothesis, that insects prefer yellow flowers and white flowers over the other colors, to be true. Introduction During the week of September 13, through September 17, Mr. Posgai's Biology II class carried out an interesting experiment involving insects and their color attractions. Pollination is vital to insect and flower reproduction. Birds and insects drift from flower to flower, selecting the appropriate ?flavor? of their choice to carry on their necessary task of nature. With the way nature works, this process sounds to be simple; however, it is much more complicated and in a sense, more unbelievable than you could ever imagine. A bird or insect flies or walks up into the flower to reach the pollen. As time moves o, that same bird and/or insect will move on to something else and carry the pollen with it. The pollen being transferred like this is a major factor in the flower reproduction system. My class came up with the hypothesis that the insects would be most attracted to the colors of yellow and white. Our hypothesis was proved to be true when we brought in the lattice containing all of the individual colored poster board pieces. The results were not surprising to us, as white had gathered eighty three insects and yellow gathering eighty. These colors together almost are more than the rest of the colors' insect amount combined. Materials and Methods -9 Different color poster boards: red, blue, yellow, white, purple, green, black, orange, and hot pink -Tangle Trap -Putty knife -Pencil -Ruler -Lattice -2 sticks Everyone in the class first divided up into groups of three and four people. Each group chose a 14? by 11? piece of poster board of a different color. They took the ruler and marked off with the pencil, approximately a one inch border for handling. With the putty knife at hand, they applied the Tangle Trap to the middle of the board, being careful not to let it get on their hands or clothing. Handling the piece of poster board by the one inch border on the sides, each group carefully took their board and stapled it to the lattice. The lattice was then placed outside (being held up by the two sticks) with all nine different colored poster boards stapled on it, with each piece having a 12? by 9? available trapping space. After about forty-eight hours, they retrieved the lattice and each group took back their assigned color and counted the number of insects on it. Discussion/Conclusion After retrieving our lattice board from outside, and carefully counting over and over, for reassurance, the total amount of insects on each piece of poster board, and the different types, our class came to the final conclusion that yellow, white, and red were the more dominant colors in this particular experiment. Although, this did not exactly match our hypothesis, the results were close. Also, you must take in to consideration when reading this conclusion that we only made one trial. During a normal experiment, there should be more than one test. Afterall, if is hard to determine the facts of nature with multiple experiments, let alone just one. There could also be many other factors which affected our results. An example would be that not everyone calculated exactly a one inch border from the sides of their poster board. Some people may have put the Tangle Trap on their board thicker than others, which would lead to more or less insects sticking to their particular poster board. Another factor may be that the group who was in charge of the purple poster board had to color a plain white piece. Meaning that the board may not be completely purple, and the insects may be attracted to the white spots showing through the colored board.

The Dynamics Of Managing Diversity Essays

The Dynamics Of Managing Diversity Essays The Dynamics Of Managing Diversity Essay The Dynamics Of Managing Diversity Essay Work is a major determiner of mental wellness and societal integrating and that unfortunately favoritism can take to societal exclusion, unemployment and under-employment. This paper foremost identifies the beginnings of the Glass Ceiling and so defines it in relation to handicapped people. It goes on to place grounds for the being of the Glass Ceiling and the Glass Cliff for people with mental wellness troubles. It concludes with steps that could be put into topographic point to guarantee a flat playing field within the workplace and evaluates those steps. Taneja et Al ( 2009 ) supply inside informations in their paper, Empowerment from the Gender Perspective, as to who foremost coined the term glass ceiling and keep it was Katherine Lawrence and Marianne Schreiber of Hewlett Packard in 1979 who described how at that place appeared to be an obvious class of publicity within administrations, but in world adult females seemed to make a point where they were no longer able to progress. Harmonizing to Falk A ; Grizard ( 2005 ) the first mention to the glass ceiling in the printed imperativeness may hold been in a 1984 article in Adweek. The article written by Frenkiel ( 1984 ) profiled Gay Bryant, the so editor of Working Woman, as an of import, advanced businesswoman and quoted her as stating: Womans have reached a certain point. I call it the glass ceiling. They re in the top of in-between direction and they re halting and acquiring stuck. There is nt adequate room for all those adult females at the top. Some are traveling into concern for themselves. Others are traveling out and raising households. Taken from Frenkiel ( 1984 ) It was Hymowitz A ; Schellhardt ( 1986 ) nevertheless ; who ensured the term glass ceiling became a lasting component of the American linguistic communication with an article in the Wall Street Journal that described corporate traditions, patterns and biass that hindered or even prevented the patterned advance of adult females in administrations. As a consequence the U.S. Department of Labor set up a Glass Ceiling Commission in order to level the playing. In 1991 they issued a definition of it, saying that: The glass ceiling is a construct that betrays America s most precious rules. It is the unobserved, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and adult females from lifting to the upper rounds of the corporate ladder, irrespective of their makings or accomplishments. Glass Ceiling Commission ( 1995 ) Although the term ab initio referred to adult females in administrations who were unable to progress through publicity, in an article taken from Docstock.com, it extends the intension of the term and provinces that in economic sciences, it refers to situations where the promotion of a qualified individual within an organisation is halted at the lower places because of some signifier of favoritism, most normally sexism or racism, but besides describes the limited promotion of the handicapped, and aged. In an interview for Personnel Today, Millar ( 2004 ) discussed Civil Service statistics with Tim Loughton, Shadow Health and Children s Minister that identified an norm of merely 3.6 per cent of junior civil retainers were disabled with the figure dropping to 1.7 per cent for more senior places. Loughton ( 2004 ) stated that there was a glass ceiling in topographic point in the Civil Service for people with disablements and accused the Government of tokenism when it came to implementi ng handicapped enlisting policies. Tal et Al ( 2009 ) suggest that many persons with psychiatric disablements are unemployed or under-employed, with damaging effects for their lives and mental wellness. Although anterior research that stigmatization and favoritism contribute to this result, the exact extent of such employer behavior has remained mostly undetermined. Thorneycroft ( 2006 ) suggests the job can be broken down into three parts, ignorance, pigeonholing and favoritism. Ignorance Cultural beliefs about mental unwellness plus derogative images and contemptuous linguistic communication in the media, ensures society perceives mental unwellness as being an untreatable lunacy ( Allen 2010 ) . There is, hence, the demand to supply work co-workers with the cognition and apprehension of, the troubles and barriers people face in their workplace in relation to non merely mental illhealth, but for all disablements to guarantee ignorance is removed. Employers have antecedently been shown to keep negative attitudes toward mental unwellness ( Nicholas 1998 and Stuart 2006 ) maintain that holding a psychiatric diagnosing can besides earnestly limit calling promotion as employers are less likely to engage people with mental upsets into executive places. Research undertaken by Rosenheck et Al ( 2006 ) shows that people with psychiatric diagnosing are likely to be underemployed, in lower paying humble occupations or in occupations that are incommensurate with their accomplishm ents and involvements: Before I had bipolar upset, I was an electrical applied scientist. Manic depression did non take that off from me, I still have that cognition, those accomplishments and experience . Anon ( 1996 ) Mental unwellnesss can take many signifiers, merely as physical unwellnesss do. Mental unwellnesss are still feared and misunderstood by many people, but the fright will vanish as people learn more about them. Lai et Al ( 2001 ) states that one fundamental job is that disablement so frequently overshadows personal individuality. The individual who has an damage is lost to awareness and merely the damage itself is seen. There are many myths about mental unwellness and some of the common myths and truths are identified in Table No. 1 below: Table No. 1: Myths and Truths of Mental Illness Myth Truth Peoples with mental unwellness are violent and unsafe. The truth is that, as a group, mentally sick people are no more violent than any other group. In fact, they are far more likely to be the victims of force than to be violent themselves. Peoples with mental unwellness are hapless and/or less intelligent. Many surveies show that most mentally sick people have mean or above-average intelligence. Mental unwellness, like physical unwellness, can impact anyone regardless of intelligence, societal category or income degree. Mental unwellness is caused by a personal failing. A mental unwellness is non a character defect. It is an unwellness, and it has nil to make with being weak or missing will-power. Although people with mental unwellness can play a large portion in their ain recovery, they did non take to go sick, and they are non lazy because they can non merely snap out of it. Mental unwellness is a individual, rare upset. Mental unwellness is non a individual disease but a wide categorization for many upsets. Anxiety, depression, schizophrenic disorder, personality upsets, eating upsets and organic encephalon upsets. Taken From: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cmha.ca When a individual is promoted into a place that is hazardous, hard with high degrees of duty where the likeliness of success is slender this is said to be the Glass Cliff . Ryan et Al ( 2007 ) from the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, suggests that although there have been legion literature undertaken in relation to publicity ( Greenwood, Schriner and Johnson, 1991 ) it has non paid much attending to what happens to professionals once they are beyond the glass ceiling. When set abouting interviews with high ranking professionals Ryan et Al ( 2007 ) found that those with a disablement found their occupations to be hazardous and unstable through a deficiency of support, and an overall deficiency of co-worker cognition in covering with people with disablements. Lai et Al ( 2001 ) undertook research into the stigma of mental wellness and identified that a demand for an addition in public consciousness and the demand for a alteration of focal point within the media industry was required. Consequences from Lai et Al ( 2001 ) shown below at Table No. 2, illustrates the negative position the media has on those with a mental wellness unwellness. Table No. 2: Perceived Contribution by Mass Media to Mental Illness Stigma Lai et Al ( 2001 ) Pigeonholing Rimmer ( 2010 ) explains that pigeonholing reduces people to belonging to a group which is identified by peculiar features. These features are seen to be fixed by nature for illustration, dyslexic people are stupid and those with a mental wellness unwellness are huffy, unsafe, scaring. Rimmer ( 2010 ) besides imparts that people are classified harmonizing to the norm and established system, those who do non suit go other Foucault ( op. cit. Oskala, 2005 ) characterized his work as a history of the different manners by which, in our civilization, human existences are made topics and identified 3 manners of objectification, spliting patterns, scientific categorization and Subjectification Research by Goffman ( 1963 ) into the societal brushs between normal and handicapped people shows that normal people frequently feel uncomfortable and unsure when interacting with individual who are disabled. Goffman ( 1963 ) contends that normals experience ambivalent feelings towards stigmatized persons and seek to avoid holding stigma spread to them by avoiding close association with a handicapped individual confirming Foulcault s Dividing Practices manner of objectification. Scheff ( 1966 ) applied the term mentally badly, to Labeling Theory and challenged common sentiment of mental unwellness by declaring that it is manifested entirely as a consequence of social influence. He argued that society positions certain actions as pervert and, in order to come to footings with and understand these actions, frequently places the label of mental unwellness on those who exhibit them. As mentioned earlier, due to a deficiency of cognition and the impact of stereotypes in the media, people are persuaded to judge those with a mental wellness trouble, peculiarly those with schizophrenic disorder, as unsafe and powerless to believe rationally ( Rethink 2010 ) . Peoples who suffer from a mental wellness trouble do non hold a positive ego image and endure from low ego regard. If a individual is told frequently plenty that they are non good, non lending or eldritch so it is possible they will get down to believe it, which implies that they are so active in the procedure of exteriorizing themselves. Directors need to get the better of a tabu over mental wellness issues. When asked what per centum of employees they thought might hold a mental wellness trouble in their on the job life, 71 per cent idea it would be less than 1 in 20 and 45 per cent said none at all. The existent figure is one in four in general and one in six in the workplace ( Rethink 2010 ) Discrimination The authorities s study of mental wellness and societal exclusion published by the societal exclusion unit in 2004, identified stigma and favoritism experienced by people with mental wellness jobs as the biggest barrier to societal inclusion doing it hard for people to work, entree wellness services, take part in their communities and bask household life: 83 % identified stigma as a cardinal issue, 55 % identified stigma as a barrier to employment and 52 % mentioned negative attitudes towards mental wellness in the community ( Rethink, 2010 ) Given the high degree of societal stigma attached to mental unwellness, it is non surprising so that people with disenabling mental upsets experience favoritism within the workplace. Much research ( Manning, 1996, Diksa, 1995, Nicholas 1998, Stuart 2006 ) has been undertaken that identifies employers have more negative attitudes about engaging workers with psychiatric disablements than approximately about any other group. Baldwin and Johnson ( 1998 ) studied disability-related employment favoritism by analyzing net incomes disparities. After they accounted for productiveness derived functions related to functional restrictions and other productivity-related single features, such as instruction, business, and parttime employment, big unexplained discrepancy in pay derived functions between people with and without disablements remained. Despite the increased Numberss of adult females both take parting in the workplace and accomplishing direction places the grounds is that, for the bulk, promotion to the really highest degrees is rare and that the glass ceiling still exists ( Meyerson A ; Fletcher 2000 ) . In relation to mental wellness troubles, many surveies have suggested that adult females are diagnosed with depression at twice the rate of work forces ( MIND 2005 ) and it is suggested this could be because adult females are more able to inquire for aid. Disclosure is debatable for workers with psychiatric disablements because of the hazard of favoritism. In a national study undertaken by Wahl ( 1999 ) of more than 1,300 persons with disenabling mental upsets, about a 3rd reported that after unwraping a mental unwellness they were turned down for a occupation for which they felt qualified. It is likely that many workers with psychiatric disablements fear that revelation will cut down their occupation chances and as mentioned earlier, holding a psychiatric diagnosing can earnestly restrict calling promotion. Although revelation is an issue, if more adult females are able to inquire for aid and therefore are unwraping their mental wellness troubles more so than work forces, this may be one of the many ground less adult females are in senior places, after all 11.2 % of the female population are sing mental wellness troubles at any one clip ( Cochrane 2010 ) . Non-disclosure could make an unanticipated Glass Cliff in that a individual with a mental wellness trouble is placed into a function that increases emphasis and hence the opportunities of failure are high. One piece of statute law that aims to forestall occupation favoritism is the Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) . Taken from www.direct.gov.uk, the ( DDA ) defines a individual as handicapped if they have a physical or mental damage that has a significant and long-run inauspicious consequence on a individual s ability to transport out normal daily activities. Normal daily agencies things that people do on a regular or day-to-day footing, such as reading, composing, utilizing the telephone, holding a conversation and traveling by public conveyance. Long-term normally means the damage should hold lasted or be expected to last at least a twelvemonth. Significant means non minor or fiddling. Direct favoritism happens when a handicapped individual is treated less favorably than a non-disabled individual whose relevant fortunes are the same or non materially different. For case, an employer turns down an applier for a occupation who has a mental wellness trouble. This is because of negative stereotyped, premises about the effects of the status without mention to the person concerned. Another illustration could be an employer holding a cover prohibition on using person with a peculiar disablement. Section 141 of the Mental Health Act forces MP s to give up their seats if they are sectioned for six months or more and the jurisprudence still prevents those with mental wellness troubles from functioning on a jury ( Allen 2010 ) . Employers are required to do sensible accommodations to workplaces and occupations for people with disablements to guarantee they have equal chances ; failure to set about sensible accommodations is prejudiced. Some of those sensible accommodations could be altering working hours, for illustration presenting flexi-time or leting clip off for intervention. Research undertaken by Greenwood et Al ( 1991 ) identified the per centum of employers who rated certain groups either inferior to or slightly below norm and they are shown below at Table No. 3. The consequences epitomises the social attitudes in relation to ignorance, pigeonholing and favoritism: Table No. 3: Research Consequences Percentage Group 96 % Serious emotional upset 87 % Blindness 84 % Cerebral paralysis 81 % Mental Health 81 % Quadriplegia 69 % Deafness 68 % Learning troubles 64 % Back complaint 62 % Epilepsy 59 % Paraplegia 56 % Mild emotional upset 36 % Amputation of one leg 15 % Diabetess 7 % Peptic ulcer Taken signifier: Greenwood et Al ( 1991 ) The roots of modern antidiscrimination statute law are in a societal theoretical account of disablement that views disablement as the consequence of society s attitudinal and inhospitable structural barriers, instead than the consequence of that individual s physical or mental damage. Employment policies that have implemented a societal theoretical account of disablement in the chief should place the demand to take the favoritism of handicapped workers in enlisting, keeping and publicity and guarantee employers make sensible accommodations to help handicapped employees. Measures to Make a Level Playing Field Diversity preparation for all staff is aimed at supplying consciousness of single differences. For a company to hold competitory advantage it is indispensable all members of staff be allowed to accomplish their full potency. Awareness based diverseness preparation is aimed at supplying directors and employees with the cognition of diverseness issues and allows them to analyze premises that could take to pigeonholing. The theoretical account is shown below at Figure No. 1. Figure No. 1: Awareness-based diversity-training theoretical account More effectual Improved morale Improved organizational Multicultural interaction Greater productiveness competitory place Increase cognition, Foster appropriate attitudes Eliminate stereotyping Awareness and sensitiveness and premises Information diversity- Training programmes Taken from: Carnevale, A. P. A ; Stone, S. C. ( 1994 ) Not merely must direction systems and calling development systems be adapted suitably, organizational civilization must besides be adapted. Awareness based diverseness preparation should be the starting point for the development of an administrations diverseness programme and should make effectual intercultural interaction. This in bend Fosters improved morale which in bend creates the result of an enhanced competitory place for the company. The theoretical account is non without unfavorable judgments ; Geber ( 1990 ) suggests the theoretical account does non supply the accomplishments to enable participants to move on the freshly acquired cognition. The accomplishments based diverseness developing theoretical account is chiefly used in concurrence with the cognition based theoretical account and ensures transverse cultural apprehension and identifies why co-workers from different civilizations act the manner they do and is shown at Figure No. 2 below: Figure No. 2: Skill-based Diversity-Training Model More effectual Improved morale Improved organizational Multicultural interaction Greater productiveness competitory place Increased creativeness Increase cognition, Build new diverseness Reinforce bing Inventory Awareness and sensitiveness related accomplishments diverseness related accomplishments skill edifice Foster appropriate attitudes methodological analysiss Skill orientated diverseness Training programmes Taken from: Carnevale, A. P. A ; Stone, S. C. ( 1994 ) Equal chances and diverseness direction attacks demonstrate different ways of accomplishing alteration. The equal chances approach focuses more on positive action, supervising the Numberss employed or so promoted in under-represented groups but topographic points less accent on cultural alteration and the demand to run into organizational aims. Legislation often influences administrations to develop equal chances policies which are disseminated by human resource sections. Diversity direction, nevertheless, emphasises an organizational civilization where everyone, and particularly directors, are responsible in gaining the potency of all employees. The issue with an Equal chances attack is that it presumes attitudes will alter one time a individual with a disablement, for illustration, has demonstrated that they are able to execute. Equal Opportunities does non take into consideration the aims and ends of the company. Diversity direction has its jobs besides, in that it is complicated. Lorbiecki and Jack ( 2000 ) remark on whether diverseness can be managed at all. Is one attack better than the other? Ford ( 1996 ) Argues that equal chances policy and diverseness options have to be mutualist if they are to recognize their possible as organisational development tools. Further differences in the two attacks can be seen at Table No. 4 below: Table 4: Diversity Management and Equal Opportunities: Different Approachs Diversity Management Equal Opportunities Ensures all employees maximize their possible and their part to the organisation Dressed ores on issues of favoritism Embraces a wide scope of people: no 1 is excluded Focuss chiefly on adult females, cultural minorities and people with disablements Dressed ores on issues of motion within an organisation, the civilization of the administration, and run intoing concern aims Topographic points less accent on cultural alteration and meeting concern aims Is the concern of all employees, particularly directors Concerns chiefly forces and human resource practicians Does non answer on positive / affirmatory action Relies on positive action Taken from: Carnevale, A. P. A ; Stone, S. C. ( 1994 ) The Two Ticks Disability Symbol is a authorities enterprise that employers can utilize to demo their committedness to using handicapped people. Those companies that use the symbol commit themselves to the following five confidences identified at Table No. 5 below: Table No. 5: Two Tick Guarantees A guaranteed occupation interview for handicapped appliers Regular audience with handicapped employees Retaining employees if they become handicapped during their employment Bettering cognition about disablement for cardinal employees Reviewing these committednesss and be aftering in front Taken from: Torrington et Al ( 2005 ) These warrants provide a big measure frontward for a flat playing field for those with a disablement but need to be monitored to guarantee work is come oning. Unfortunately at present as Dibben et Al ( 2001 ) note, the symbol appears to hold merely a limited consequence on support for handicapped employees or possible employees. Bettering cognition in relation to disablement is cardinal in taking stigma, pigeonholing and favoritism ; it has been the most highlighted cause of workplace favoritism throughout the research undertaken for this piece of work. The authorities has late introduce an amendment to the Equality Bill which should set a halt to prejudiced employment patterns which deter many people with mental wellness jobs from using for occupations. The measure stops employers from inquiring occupation campaigners about their wellness until after a occupation offer has been made ( Rethink 2010 ) Evans ( 2001 ) argues that it is possible to enroll the best individual for the occupation, provided that determinations are based, as they ever should be, on solid grounds of aptitude and ability. He goes on to province that sensible accommodations to workplaces and conditions of work to make a flat playing field rarely turn out hard or expensive to implement. Reasonable accommodations could include acquiring new or accommodating bing equipment such as desks and chairs, modifying instructions to larger print or holding hearable every bit good as ocular dismay systems. These are proactive attacks that would profit all non merely handicapped workers. To guarantee sensible accommodations can be provided it is indispensable that employers create a scene and civilization whereby workers feel able to uncover a disablement and guarantee that this confidential information is non divulged to unneeded individuals. Decision Diversity preparation is indispensable and in order to change organizational civilization and attitudes in relation to, non merely people with mental wellness troubles, but all employees the support from senior direction should be enlisted. Training should be compulsory and should non be avoided and hence should be introduced within the company s initiation procedure. Mentoring could besides be introduced but with cautiousness as without equal consciousness and preparation for staff, negative sentiments could originate. Most of all, whatever attack is adopted, effectual monitoring should be undertaken to guarantee advancement is being made. The one individual who is able to place whether their workplace has a flat playing field in relation to disablement is the handicapped individual and therefore communicating with handicapped people is required when policies are being drafted to seek to extinguish prejudiced actions.

The Impact of over population in third world countries Essay

The Impact of over population in third world countries - Essay Example The world population has crossed six billion figures, major part of which lives in developing countries in miserable condition and unable to meet their basic necessities (Bonar, 1966). Since 1950 there has been rapid decline in mortality in the developing countries. This happened due to advancements in science; and the United Nation initiative along with several states efforts; which has helped to stabilize the world population, still population bomb is ticking. Since 1960 fertility rates in many developing countries have increased, especially in the developing countries. Majority of the third world countries doubling time remained between 23 and 25 years, as a result in the last three decades, most of the third world countries have doubled their population. China has been successful in implementing one child policy to stabilize its population in late 1980s, yet its problems are not over. With a billion plus population, majority of Chinese population is still living in poverty, despite rapid economic progress, Similar patterns can be seen in other developing countries from Asia to Africa and Latin America, where over population is bringing a toll on health, food, environment and human life. This report will look at developing countries over- population problem, and it's impact on third world countries (Britannica, 2002). From a... Statement: Over population in third world countries is increasing poverty, unemployment and other social ills. POPULATION REVIEW From ancient times, the survival of the cities depended on population, tribes emphasized on maintaining high fertility due to higher mortality rate. Many of such polices were carried out by dutiful marriage incorporated into religion and mythology, such as bible injunction, "be fruitful and multiply", Hindu's Law of Manu. Other ancient prophets such as Zoroastrian also mentioned similar injection to sustain continuation of the nation and tribes. The arrival of modern technology changed the situation; it not only increased the health standards, but mortality rate has also fallen; the result is increased population with little resources in poor countries. The Western nations are able to stabilize their population, but developing nations are still struggling hard to meet the growing demands of the populations (Mbuya, 1997). According to UN (2005) population prediction by the middle of next century, the world population will stabilize at 14 billion people, if fertility rates were increased to 2.1 births per woman. The latest figure suggest that in 2004, 76 million people were added to the world total population, most of which took place in developing (poor) countries. Even though the world population is growing at the rate of 1.2 percent annually, yet it is adding up to the world total population. The world population in 2005 crossed 6.4 billion souls. This massive increase is taking place in six countries. Five of which are developing countries; India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria and USA are increasing fifty percent of the world population. The figure below shows the population

Human rights abuses and violations of international law in Israel-Gaza Article

Human rights abuses and violations of international law in Israel-Gaza war - Article Example Israel is waging a war of self-defense against a â€Å"terrorist organization† (the Hamas authority) and, hence, is obligated to protect its security whilst meeting the â€Å"vital needs† of the civilian population of Gaza. Were these needs at odds with security, priority was to be given to security. Apparently, the Israeli Supreme Court resolved that the Gaza Strip was not occupied by Israel on the basis of the closure of Israeli military rule and the temporary existence of Israeli combatants in Gaza. Therefore, the court decided that, â€Å"Israel no longer has effective control over what takes place within the territory of the Gaza Strip† (Davis & Kirk 128) and, thus, â€Å"has no general obligation to care for the welfare of the residents of the Strip†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mukhimer 33). Basically, the court believed that the widening of the occupation to a certain territory necessitates the recognition of the right to ‘permanent presence’ of soldiers and hostile armed forces in that territory (Davis & Kirk 128-9). Such facts only show that the Israeli state is in clear violation of the legal rights of the Gaza Strip. Violation of the laws of war by the Israeli army involved drone-propelled missile assaults that took the life of several civilians. Hamas and other Palestinian militias encroached upon the laws of war through rocket-launched attacks intentionally or extensively to civilian territories in Israel (Garlasco 59). Furthermore, both Hamas and Israel keep on violating international humanitarian law. Palestinian armies have loosened up but did not cease their wholesale rocket attacks against Israel. Israel is seriously limiting the import of needed supplies for rebuilding into Gaza. After the hostilities, civilians in Gaza have been incapable of restoring their devastated houses and infrastructures. Insofar as right to self-defense is involved, the UN Charter stated that the right to self-defense is an â€Å"inherent right of [the] state† (Meloni & Tognoni

Identifying stakeholders and Interest Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identifying stakeholders and Interest - Article Example Therefore, because of their contributions towards educational provisions in the district, parents will be involved in the formulation of this policy. It will directly affect them because it concerns the safety of their children. Meaning, their input will be required (May, S. & S. Aikman, 2003). Before making any final decision, the parents will have to be consulted, if they approve the new policy, it will be enforced. They know what is good for their children hence, they can not be overlooked. The police department will have to be incorporated as a party to this policy. Their contributions are important. As professional law enforcers, they have a wider knowledge on how the issue of pupil security can be tackled. Hence, it implies that they must be consulted anything is done. Meaning, their suggestions will be taken into account and given a lot of considerations. If they object to it, necessary amendments will be made in order to refine it and make it be up to the required standard. As community elected leaders, the politicians will have to be considered as part of the stakeholders. Both the local civic leaders, senators and the congressmen will have to be consulted. As opinion leaders, the politicians will be included because they are representatives and can speak on behalf of the larger community (Bruce S., 2007). In this regard, they will be urged to participate in the drafting of this new policy since it will have to affect them. As people’s representatives, it is their responsibility to support educational provisions in their areas of jurisdiction. However, everyone knows that such a goal can not be accomplished if there is no safety both within and out of schools. Before making such a new policy, the school management boards will have to be consulted. As school managers, they have a lot of say on whatever activity that happens in schools. They must be involved in the formulation of this new policy because it will affect the success of their schools. They

Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) Performance Experiment

Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) Performance Experiment Abstract The Corsi block-tapping task (CBT) is a widely used experimental tool for assessing visuo-spatial memory in both clinical and research contexts. However, whether information other than those spatial and visual (i.e., motor information) play also a role in CBT performance is still a matter of debate. Here, we investigated such issue through a crossed double dissociation design by observing how motor, visual, and spatial secondary tasks affect the performance on three versions of the CBT (standard, automatic and two-dimension). Results showed a double dissociation pattern, wherein two motor secondary tasks had larger effects when the CBT was administered by the examiner tapping on the blocks (standard version). A spatial secondary task had larger effects when the CBT was administered by automatically illuminating the blocks (automatic version). Finally, a visual secondary task had larger effects on a two-dimension, computerized version of the CBT. These findings suggest that memory for movements plays a relevant role in the CBT, and are especially relevant due to their implications for assessment of brain-damaged patients, besides providing further evidence of a fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components. Keywords: Corsi block-tapping task, visuo-spatial memory, memory for movements. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by a MIUR grant C26F014219 to F.F. Introduction The Corsi Block Tapping test (Milner, 1971; Corsi, 1972) has been widely used in cognitive psychology and in clinical neuropsychology to measure visuo-spatial memory (e.g., Kessels, de Haan, Kappelle, Postma, 2003; Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004) usually within the framework provided by the working memory model (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). The standard apparatus consists of identical blocks irregularly arranged on a board. According to the standard administration procedure, but procedures vary widely among authors, the examiner taps on the blocks in randomized sequences of increasing length. The subject has to immediately reproduce each sequence, continuing until no longer accurate. Performance is measured as the longest sequence of blocks that is correctly reproduced. Notwithstanding Baddeley (2001) reported the CBT as the task that is most closely related to the visuo-spatial short term memory, it is still not clear what of the two components, visual or spatial, it actually measures (Berch, Krikorian, Huha, 1998; Quinn, 2008). This issue is relevant, since studies of both healthy individuals and brain-damaged patients demonstrated dissociable visual and spatial memory systems in humans (Klauer Zhao, 2004; Carlesimo, Perri, Turriziani, Tomaiuolo, Caltagirone, 2001). Such a fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory is in fair agreement with evidence in primates of separate processing streams for visual and spatial features of objects (e.g., Goodale Milner, 1992). Indeed, it has been proposed in both primates and humans that the dorsal visual system supports spatial working memory functions, and that the ventral visual system supports visual working memory for features of objects (e.g., Goldman-Rakic, 1987). Evidences for a further fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory were also reported, suggesting specific components of working memory for motor and kinesthetic information (Smyth, 1990). A close link between motor systems and visuo-spatial working memory was actually proposed since the very first studies about working memory (Baddeley, Grant, Wight, Thomson, 1975). However, Smyth and her co-workers (Smyth Pendleton, 1989) firstly suggested that a specific kinesthetic component of working memory might be responsible for the encoding and maintenance of remembered patterned movements (those aimed to bring the body parts into a specific configuration), whereas positional movements (movements targeted towards specific external spatial stimuli) appear to be encoded and maintained within the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Notwithstanding the evidence favorable to a fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory into multiple components, not necessarily independent one of each other, their relationship with the CBT has been actually scarcely investigated in literature. Though, the complex administration procedure of the CBT makes a more detailed analysis of the processes underlying the CBT strongly needed (Berch, Krikorian, Huha, 1998). More interestingly, and maybe less obviously, the CBT might involve a memory for positional movements, because the administration procedure focuses on the movements of the examiner. However, the contribution of a memory for positional movements in the CBT task has never been investigated so far. It is also worth noting that computerized, two-dimension CBT versions have been frequently used (e.g., Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004), albeit it is not known whether the standard and the computerized versions of the task are equivalent. The present study aims at investigating the architecture of the visuo-spatial working memory as measured by the CBT, through a crossed double dissociation design (Dunn Kirsner, 1988). We followed a standard dual-task procedure, using four secondary tasks aimed at interfering with the spatial, visual, and motor components of visuo-spatial working memory. They were crossed with three versions of the CBT: a) a standard version, wherein the sequences were given by the experimenter tapping on the blocks; in this version of the CBT the supposed motor/positional component was fully present; b) an â€Å"automatic† version, wherein the sequences were given by the blocks being illuminated; in this version the motor/positional component was removed from the task, while the spatial component was unaffected; c) a two-dimension version, presented on a computer monitor, wherein the sequences were given by the squares on the monitor changing their color; in this version, the spatial componen t of the task was reduced, albeit obviously not eliminated, by requiring the task to be performed on a 2D plane instead than in a 3D space. Method Participants. Forty-eight healthy, right handed individuals (mean age 22.4 years) participated in the experiment. All the participants reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and were naà ¯ve as to the purposes of the experiment. Stimuli and apparatus. The apparatus was composed of eight translucent white 3 x 3 x 3 cm blocks, each one containing a red light emitting diode (LED). The blocks were fixed at random positions on a 23 x 30 cm translucent white board. Procedure. Three administration procedures were used. In the standard procedure participants observed the experimenter tapping on the blocks, with his/her index finger, at a rate of one block per s, lifting the hand straight up before moving it to the next block (Standard). In the second procedure the to-be-remembered sequence was presented by the computer turning on and off the red LEDs inside the blocks, at a rate of one block per s (Automatic). A third, two-dimension version of the CBT was also used, as it is frequently used in literature as a substitute of the standard version. It was composed of eight blue squares appearing on the computer screen at the same relative positions as the 3D version described above. On each trial, the to-be-remembered sequence was indicated by the blocks changing color from blue to red and again to blue, at a rate of one block per s. The CBT was administered to all the participants according to the three procedures described above, in random order. P articipants had to reproduce the sequence immediately after its administration, by tapping on the blocks using their index finger. Sequences from 3 to 9 blocks in length were presented in ascending order, with two trials per length. All the fourteen sequences were administered to each participant. For each subject, different sequences, equated for paths’ length, were randomly assigned to the three versions of the test. Each participant performed each version of the task both alone (single task condition), and along with one of four interference conditions (dual task condition), in random order: patterned-motor interference, motor interference, spatial interference and visual interference. In the patterned-motor interference condition, participants had to tap with their right index finger on the four corners of a mouse-pad, while the to-be-remembered sequence of blocks was administered. The movement had to be performed clockwise and continuously, at a rate of about one tap per s. Whereas this task is known to interfere with the CBT (Smyth Pelky, 1992), it has both spatial and motor features that makes it difficult to disentangle their contribution. Thus, to remove the spatial component from this task we added a motor interference condition, wherein participants had to snap fingers with their right hand, while the to-be-remembered sequence of blocks was administered. The movement had to be performed continuously, in a regular manner (one snap per s, approximately). The experimenter controlled for the movement being correctly executed. In the spatial interference condition, participants were required to say aloud the side of each of a series of 1000 Hz tones randomly presented to their left or right ear through headphones, at 30 Db Spl with a constant inter-stimulus interval of 2 s. This listening task is supposed to interfere with the spatial component of the visuo-spatial sketchpad [18]. Finally, in the visual interference condition, one of three LEDs placed at the center of the board (one of three colored circles in the Two-Dimension Version) were turned on and off at a rate of one per s. On half the trials the regular sequence was violated, by turning on a differently colored led (on the 3D versions) or displaying a different colored circle (on the 2D version). At the end of each trial, participants were required to say whether a violation occurred on that trial. Twelve participants were randomly assigned to the Patterned-motor, Motor, Spatial, and Visual Interference conditions, respectively. The participants’ performance was measured as the longest sequence that was correctly reproduced at least once (memory span). Performance data were analyzed in a 3x2x4 ANOVA mixed design, with Version (standard, automatic, and two-dimension, within subjects), Condition (single task, dual task, within subjects), and Interference (patterned-motor, motor, spatial, and visual interference, between subjects) as factors. Results One participant in the Spatial Interference condition and two participants in the Visual Interference condition have been excluded from the following analyses because of the relatively large number of errors committed on the interference tasks. The remaining participants performed all the interference tasks at optimal levels, committing less than 3% of errors across visual and spatial interference tasks, and maintaining a regular mean rate of finger snapping and spatial tapping of about 1.2 per s. Figure 1 and Table 1 show the mean memory span length for each version of the CBT and for each interference condition. A preliminary sphericity test failed to show any significant violation of the assumptions underlying the Version and the Version by Condition interference effects (p>.05 in all cases). The analysis of performance data showed significant main effects of Condition (F1,41=139.93, MSE=.42, p2,82=4.24, MSE=.63, p6,82=3.61, MSE=.63, p6,82=4.33, MSE=.63, p.05 in all cases). This finding ensures that the administration procedure did not affect the difficulty of the task. However, the effects of the four kinds of interference upon the three versions of the CBT were very specific. Indeed, the patterned-motor and the motor interference tasks affected negatively the standard version of the test (p.5 in both cases). The spatial interference task affected negatively the participants’ performance at the automatic version of the test (p.05 in both cases). The visual interference task affected negatively the participant’s performance at the two-dimension version of the test (p.05 in both cases). Importantly, such finding cannot be ascribed to the three interfering tasks being not equivalent with respect to each other, because of the triple dissociation procedure we em ployed. Discussion Results of the present experiment suggest that a component of working memory that deals with motor information has the major role in the standard version of the CBT. Indeed, the effects of both the motor and patterned-motor interference tasks were notably larger than those of the spatial and visual interference tasks in the standard version of the CBT. The crossed double dissociation general pattern of results strongly supports this interpretation. Indeed, the spatial interference task was more effective than both the motor interference tasks in the â€Å"automatic† version of the CBT, whereas only the visual interference task was effective in the two-dimension version of the CBT. Such result does not depend on confounding due to the three versions of the CBT being not equated in terms of difficulty, because in the single task condition the performance of the participants was the same in the three versions of the test. Also, it does not depend on the spatial interference task involving a verbal coding of the spatial locations where the tones came from, as the phonological loop has been shown to be not involved in the CBT (e.g., Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004). The finding that the performance on the standard version of the CBT largely depends on individuals coding the movements of the examiner is in fair agreement with the hypothesis that a component of working memory that deals with motor information actually exists, and is independent of the component of working memory that deals with spatial information (e.g., Smyth Pendleton, 1990). It is also in fair agreement with the growing body of neurophysiological and psychological studies that suggest a close link between observing and performing an action (e.g., Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Gallese, Fogassi, 1996). Interestingly, van Asselen and coworkers (van Asselen, Kessels, Sebastiaan, Neggers, Kappelle, Frijns, et al. 2006) have recently interpreted results of a study on stroke patients as suggesting that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are involved in keeping spatial information in memory over a short time period, as was assessed wi th the CBT. While the involvement of both the DLPFC and the PPC in spatial memory tasks is not new (e.g., Walter, Bretschneider, Groen, Zurowski, Wunderlich, Tomczak, et al. 2003), it is worth noting that this is not at variance with the hypothesis that a specific component of working memory for positional movements is involved in the CBT. For instance, lesion and physiological studies have shown that the DLPFC has a crucial role in visuospatial control of actions and visuomotor transformations (e.g., Curtis D’Esposito, 2004). Indeed, Hoshi (Hoshi, 2006) in a recent review suggested that the dorsal part of the DLPFC is involved in representing processed motor information, such as arm use or target location, and in integrating multiple classes of information for planning action. Similarly, the PPC is involved in visuomotor transformation, and is thought to serve as a sensorymotor interface for visually guided eye and limb movements (Buneo Andersen, 2006). Moreover, evidence has been recently provided that, within the fronto-parietal network of brain regions involved in learning spatial sequences, two partially segregated neural systems are involved in processing spatial sequences in reaching and navigational space (Nemmi, Boccia, Piccardi, Galati Guariglia, 2013), supporting the idea of a further fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components. Though, more research is needed in order to specify the relationship between the complex functional architecture of the DLPFC – PPC system and the specific features of the working memory components, including those measured by the CBT. Finally, it is worth noting that the motor and spatial interference tasks affected only marginally the performance on the two-dimension version of the CBT. Such a result suggests that the two-dimension and the standard versions of the CBT cannot be considered as equivalent. This finding is especially relevant because recently two-dimensions, computerized versions of the CBT have been used rather frequently in clinical and experimental settings (Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004; Joyce, Robbins, 1991). In conclusion, the present study shows that the performance on the Corsi block-tapping task  depends largely on a component of working memory specifically dealing with motor information and that this component is independent of that component of working memory that deals with spatial information. Beside providing further evidence of a fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components, present findings have important implications for clinical assessment of brain-damaged patients and should be taken into account when interpreting the performance on the CBT for neuropsychological rehabilitation treatments in clinical settings.